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本帖最后由 王兵 于 2016-7-18 10:06 编辑
英语中的that从句跟在主句之后,仿佛是主句所张开的意义的翅膀,使主句可以尽情地简洁明快,又使其含义能够详尽地演绎展开。而多个that从句连续排列的时候,更使读者在排比的结构中感到层次的递进和音乐的美感。
杰弗逊起草的《美国独立宣言》,前言第一句,就是带有五个that从句的华章:
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(美国独立宣言1823年副本,图片来自于https://upload.wikimedia.org/wik ... of_Independence.jpg)
主句:We hold these truths to be self-evident(我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的)
(据说杰佛逊的原稿中的主句是“We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable(我们认为下面这些真理是神圣而不可否认的),富兰克林提出改为“We hold these truths to be self-evident”,这一重要的修改得到了采纳。self-evident,就是昭彰的公理。)
(从左至右:富兰克林、亚当斯、杰佛逊在讨论独立宣言,画家Jean Leon Gerome Ferris画于1900年)
那么哪些是昭彰的公理呢?请继续看主句之后跟着的五个that从句:
that all men are created equal,
(人人生而平等)
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
(造物主赋予人们不可剥夺的权利)
that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
(包括生命的权利、自由的权利、和追求幸福的权利)
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,
(为保障这些权利,人民建立政府,而政府的合法权力来自于被统治者的同意)
That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
(不论何时任何形式的政府,只要破坏上述目的,人民就有权利改变或废除它,并建立新政府,新政府赖以奠基的原则,得以组织权力的方式,都要最大可能地增进民众的安全和幸福。)
(John Trumbull's 的著名油画:起草者们将独立宣言交大陆会议代表共同签署)
1776年7月4日,独立宣言正式宣布,这一天就成为了美国的国庆节——独立日。
240年以降,多少强权走向崩溃、多少枭雄化为粪土,然而这昭彰公理的文字,依然放射着自由民主文明进步的光芒。
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